Refurbishment projects often carry greater uncertainty than new-build work because the full condition of the existing building may not be known until work begins.

Early surveys, a clear project brief and appropriate investigation can reduce that uncertainty, but existing construction, concealed defects and unforeseen conditions will still require decisions during delivery.

Effective project management therefore depends on identifying risk early, defining responsibilities, maintaining control of scope and cost and ensuring that technical decisions are properly recorded as the works progress. Good procurement and contract administration are as important as the original design in managing the eventual outcome.